(건강) 심황(영어명/turmeric:)과 심황의 건강상 효과에 관한 영어자료 번역

오늘 오전 외국인 동료가 turmeric에 관해 자료를 검색해달라 해서 급히 찾아보았는데, 비로소 털메릭(turmeric)도 우리 몸과 건강에 좋다는 사실을 알게 되었다.

나도 이제 나이가 있다보니 건강에 관심이 생겻다. 그래서 몇 가지를 인터넷에서 가져왔다. 나 자신과 다른 사람들을 위한 유익한 정보이기 때문이다. 물론

한국에도 이미 관련 자료들이 많이 있다는 건 잘 안다. 추후에 시간이 나면, 중요한 부분은 우리말로 옮겨볼 생각이다.

아래 자료의 출처: http://www.healthdiaries.com/eatthis/20-health-benefits-of-turmeric.html

20 Health Benefits of Turmeric 심황의 20 가지 건강상 효과

1. It is a natural antiseptic and antibacterial agent, useful in disinfecting cuts and burns. 심황은 베인 상처나 화상을 소독/살균하여 감염을 막아주는데 유용한, 자연산 방부/살균제이며 향균성 물질임.

2. When combined with cauliflower, it has shown to prevent prostate cancer and stop the growth of existing prostate cancer. 심황을 콜리플라워와 함께 섞으면, 심황은 전립선암을 예방하고 기존의 전립선암의 진행을 막는 것으로 보임.

3. Prevented breast cancer from spreading to the lungs in mice. 유방암이 폐로 전이되는 걸 방지함.

4. May prevent melanoma and cause existing melanoma cells to commit suicide. 피부암의 일종인 흑색종을 예방하고 기존의 흑색종 세포를 죽임. 

5. Reduces the risk of childhood leukemia. 아동 백혈병의 위험을 감소시킴.

6. Is a natural liver detoxifier. 심황은 자연산 간해독제임.

7. May prevent and slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease by removing amyloyd plaque buildup in the brain. 뇌에 있는 아미로이드(유사녹말체) 플라크(틀)의 형성을 제거함으로서, 알츠하이머 병의 발병을 예방하거나 이미 발병한 경우 이를 완화함.

8. May prevent metastases from occurring in many different forms of cancer. 많은 형태의 암으로 나타는 전이를 예방함.

9. It is a potent natural anti-inflammatory that works as well as many anti-inflammatory drugs but without the side effects. 유효한 자연산 항염제로서 많은 항염약제로 사용되나 부작용이 없음.

10. Has shown promise in slowing the progression of multiple sclerosis in mice. 다중 경화증의 진행을 약화시킴.

11. Is a natural painkiller and cox-2 inhibitor. 자연산 진통제이자 콕스투 억제제임.

12. May aid in fat metabolism and help in weight management. 지방대사에 도움이 되고 체중조절에 도움이 줌.

13. Has long been used in Chinese medicine as a treatment for depression. 우울증 치료제로 중국에서 오랫동안 사용해왔음.
14. Because of its anti-inflammatory properties, it is a natural treatment for arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. 심황이 갖고 있는 항염작용 때문에, 심황은 일반 관절념이나 류머티스성 관절념의 자연산 치료제임.

15. Boosts the effects of chemo drug paclitaxel and reduces its side effects. chemo drug 파클리탁셀의 효과를 극대화하고 그 부작용을 최소화함.

16. Promising studies are underway on the effects of turmeric on pancreatic cancer. 심황이 췌장암에 미치는 효과에 대한 희망적인 연구가 진행중임.

17. Studies are ongoing in the positive effects of turmeric on multiple myeloma. 다발성 골수종에 심황이 미치는 긍정적인 효과에 대한 연구가 진행중임.

18. Has been shown to stop the growth of new blood vessels in tumors. 심황이 종양 안에 있는 새로운 혈관의 성장을 중지시킴. 

19. Speeds up wound healing and assists in remodeling of damaged skin. 심황은 상처의 치료를 가속화하고 손상된 피부의 회복과정을 도움.

20. May help in the treatment of psoriasis and other inflammatory skin conditions. 건선이나 기타 염증이 있는 피부상태의 치료에 도움을 줌.

Turmeric can be taken in powder or pill form. 심황은 가루약 형태나 알약 형태로 복용할 수 있음.

***밝은 하늘 註; 아래는 위키피디아에서 건져옴.

Turmeric

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Indian Turmeric
Curcuma longa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Monocots
(unranked):	Commelinids
Order:	Zingiberales
Family:	Zingiberaceae
Genus:	Curcuma
Species:	C. longa
Binomial name
Curcuma longa L.[1]
Synonyms
Curcurma domestica Valeton

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) /ˈtɜrmərɪk/ is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae.^[2] It is native in southeast India, and needs temperatures between 20 °C and 30 °C (68 °F and 86 °F) and a considerable amount of annual rainfall to thrive.^[3] Plants are gathered annually for their rhizomes, and propagated from some of those rhizomes in the following season.

When not used fresh, the rhizomes are boiled for about 30–45 minutes and then dried in hot ovens,^[4] after which they are ground into a deep orange-yellow powder commonly used as a spice in Indian cuisine and even curries, for dyeing, and to impart color tomustard condiments. one active ingredient in it is curcumin. It has a distinctly earthy, slightly bitter, slightly hot peppery flavor and amustardy smell. Curcumin may treat: cancer, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, allergies, arthritis and other chronic illnesses.^[5]

Botanical view of Curcuma longa.

Turmeric field in an Indian village.

India is a significant producer of turmeric^[6] which has regional names based on language and country.

As turmeric is a natural botanical product, it is not patentable.^[7][8]

Contents

  [hide] 

• 1 History
• 2 Etymology
• 3 Botanical description
  • 3.1 Appearance
  • 3.2 Inflorescence, flower and fruit
• 4 Biochemical composition
• 5 Uses
  • 5.1 Culinary
  • 5.2 Folk medicine and traditional uses
  • 5.3 Preliminary medical research
  • 5.4 Dye
  • 5.5 Ceremonial uses
• 6 See also
• 7 References
• 8 External links

History[edit]

Known as manjal, turmeric has been used in South India for thousands of years and is a major part of Siddha medicine.^[9] It was first used as a dye and then later for its medicinal properties.^[10]

Etymology[edit]

The name appears to derive from Middle English/early modern English as turmeryte or tarmaret having uncertain origin. There may be Latin origin, terra merita (merited earth).^[11]

The name of the genus, Curcuma is from an Arabic name of both saffron and turmeric (see Crocus).

Botanical description[edit]

Appearance[edit]

Turmeric is a perennial herbaceous plant, which reaches a stature of up to 1 meter. There are highly branched, yellow to orange, cylindrical, aromatic rhizomes . The leaves are alternate and arranged in two rows . They are divided into leaf sheath, petiole and leaf blade.^[12] From the leaf sheaths, a false stem is formed. The petiole is 50 to 115 cm long. The simple leaf blades are usually of a length of 76 to 115 cm and rarely up to 230 cm. They have a width of 38 to 45 cm and are oblong to elliptic narrowing at the tip .

Inflorescence, flower and fruit[edit]

In China, the flowering time is usually in August. Terminally on the false stem there is a 12 to 20 cm long inflorescence stem containing many flowers. The bracts are light green and ovate with a length of 3 to 5 centimeters to oblong with a blunt upper end.

At the top of the inflorescence stem bracts are present on which there are no flowers, these are, white to green and sometimes tinged reddish-purple and its upper end is tapered.^[13]

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. The three 0.8 to 1.2 centimeters long, sepals are fused, white, have fluffy hairs and the three calyx teeth are unequal. The three bright yellow petals are fused into a corolla tube up to 3 centimeters long. The three corolla lobes have a length of 1 to 1.5 cm, triangular with soft-spiny upper end. While the average corolla lobe is larger than the two lateral. only the median stamenof the inner circle is fertile. The dust bag is spurred at its base. All other stamens are converted to staminodes. The outer staminodes are shorter than the labellum. The labellum is yellowish, with a yellow ribbon in its center and it is obovate, with a length from 1.2 to 2 cm. Three carpels are under a constant, trilobed ovary adherent, which is sparsely hairy.

The fruit capsule opens with three compartments.

Biochemical composition[edit]

Curcumin keto form

Curcumin enol form

The most important chemical components of turmeric are a group of compounds called curcuminoids, which include curcumin (diferuloylmethane), demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. The best studied compound is curcumin, which constitutes 3.14% (on average) of powdered turmeric.^[14] In addition there are other important volatile oils such as turmerone, atlantone, and zingiberene. Some general constituents are sugars, proteins, and resins.^[5]

Uses[edit]

Culinary[edit]

Turmeric powder is used extensively in South Asian cuisine.

Turmeric grows wild in the forests of South and Southeast Asia. It is one of the key ingredients in many Asian dishes. Tamiltraditional medicine, called Siddha, has recommended turmeric for medicine. Its use as a coloring agent is not of primary value in South Asian cuisine.

Turmeric is mostly used in savory dishes, but is used in some sweet dishes, such as the cake Sfouf. In India, turmeric plant leaf is used to prepare special sweet dishes, patoleo, by layering rice flour and coconut-jaggery mixture on the leaf, and then closing and steaming it in a special copper steamer (goa).

In recipes outside South Asia, turmeric is sometimes used as an agent to impart a rich, custard-like yellow color. It is used in canned beverages and baked products, dairy products, ice cream, yogurt, yellow cakes, orange juice, biscuits, popcorn color, sweets, cake icings, cereals, sauces, gelatins, etc. It is a significant ingredient in most commercial curry powders.

Most turmeric that is used is in the form of rhizome powder, in some regions (especially in Maharashtra, Goa, Konkan and Kanara), turmeric leaves are used to wrap and cook food. This use of turmeric leaves usually takes place in areas where turmeric is grown locally, since the leaves used are freshly picked. Turmeric leaves impart a distinctive flavor.

Although typically used in its dried, powdered form, turmeric is also used fresh, like ginger. It has numerous uses in Far Eastern recipes, such as pickle made from fresh turmeric that contains large chunks of soft turmeric.

Turmeric is widely used as a spice in South Asian and Middle Eastern cooking. Many Persian dishes use turmeric as a starter ingredient. Almost all Iranian fried dishes consist of oil, onions, and turmeric followed by any other ingredients that are to be included.

In Nepal, turmeric is widely grown and extensively used in many vegetable and meat dishes for its color as well as for its potential value in traditional medicine.

In South Africa, turmeric is used to give boiled white rice a golden color.

In Vietnam, turmeric powder is used to color, and enhance the flavors of, certain dishes, such as bánh xèo, bánh khọt and mi quang. The powder is also used in many other Vietnamese stir fried and soup dishes.

In Indonesia, the turmeric leaves are used for Minangese or Padangese curry base of Sumatra, such as rendang, sate padang and many other varieties.

In Thailand, fresh turmeric rhizomes are widely used in many dishes, in particular in the southern Thai cuisine, such as the yellow curry (แกงเหลือง)and turmeric soup (ต้มขมิ้น).

In medieval Europe, turmeric became known as Indian saffron because it was widely used as an alternative to the far more expensive saffron spice.^[15]

Folk medicine and traditional uses[edit]

In Tamil Nadu, turmeric has been used traditionally for thousands of years as a remedy for stomach and liver ailments, as well as topically to heal sores, basically for its supposed antimicrobial property.^[16] In the Siddha system (since c. 1900 BCE) turmeric was a medicine for a range of diseases and conditions, including those of the skin, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal systems, aches, pains, wounds, sprains, and liver disorders. A fresh juice is commonly used in many skin conditions, includingeczema, chicken pox, shingles, allergy, and scabies.^[17]

Manjal Pal (turmeric milk) is warm milk mixed with some turmeric powder. It is commonly used in Tamil Nadu as a home remedy when someone is suffering from fever.Turmeric paste is often used in Tamil Nadu as an antiseptic in open wounds, while chun-holud (turmeric with slaked lime) is used to stop bleeding as home remedies. It is also used as a detanning agent in Tamil Nadu.^[18]

The active compound curcumin is believed to have a wide range of biological effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumour, antibacterial, and antiviralactivities, which indicate potential in clinical medicine.^[19] In Chinese medicine, it is used for treatment of various infections and as an antiseptic.^[20]

Preliminary medical research[edit]

Turmeric rhizome and powder.

See also: Curcumin

According to the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, "there is little reliable evidence to support the use of turmeric for any health condition because few clinical trials have been conducted."^[10]

Although trials are ongoing for the use of turmeric to treat cancer, doses needed for any effect are difficult to establish in humans.^[21]As of December 2013, turmeric is being evaluated for its potential efficacy against several human diseases in clinical trials, includingkidney and cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, several types of cancer and irritable bowel disease.^[22]

Specifically, turmeric is also being investigated in relation to Alzheimer's disease,^[23] diabetes,^[24] and other clinical disorders.^[25][26]

However, according to various basic research studies,^{[27][28][29][30]} administration of curcumin or turmeric can suppress several stages of cancer development in multiple tumor models.^[28] One study of curcumin on human cancer cells in vitro used hybrid molecules with the anti-nausea drug thalidomide to induce apoptosis in myelomacancer cells.^[31] Some research shows compounds in turmeric to have anti-fungal and antibacterial properties; however, curcumin is not one of them.^[32]

Curcumin, the active component of turmeric, has also been shown to be a vitamin D receptor ligand "with implications for colon cancer chemoprevention."^[33]

Dye[edit]

Turmeric makes a poor fabric dye, as it is not very light fast. However, turmeric is commonly used in Indian and Bangladeshi clothing, such as saris and Buddhist monks' robes.^[34] Turmeric (coded as E100 when used as a food additive)^[35] is used to protect food products from sunlight. The oleoresin is used for oil-containing products. A curcumin and polysorbate solution or curcumin powder dissolved in alcohol is used for water-containing products. Over-coloring, such as in pickles, relishes, and mustard, is sometimes used to compensate for fading.

In combination with annatto (E160b), turmeric has been used to color cheeses, yogurt, dry mixes, salad dressings, winter butter and margarine. Turmeric is also used to give a yellow color to some prepared mustards, canned chicken broths and other foods (often as a much cheaper replacement for saffron).

Ceremonial uses[edit]

Turmeric is considered highly auspicious and holy in India and has been used extensively in various Hindu ceremonies for centuries. Even today it is used in every part of India during wedding ceremonies and religious ceremonies.

Turmeric has played an important role in Hindu spiritualism. The robes of the Hindu monks were traditionally colored with a yellow dye made of turmeric. Because of its yellow-orange coloring, turmeric was associated with the sun or the Thirumal in the mythology of ancient Tamil religion. Yellow is the color of the solar plexus chakra, which in traditional Tamil Siddha medicine is the energy center relating to the metabolic and digestive systems. Orange is the color of the sacral chakra, and tied to the reproductive system.

The plant is used in poosai to represent a form of Kottravai who is said to reside on this plant as herself. The plant is used as a component of navapatrika along withplantain (Banana), Kachvi or Kacci or kochu or Taro, jayanti/ Barley, wood apple (Bilva), pomegranate (darimba), Asoka, manaka or Manakochu and rice paddy or Dhanya.

It is used in poosai to make a form of Ganesha. Yaanaimugathaan, the remover of obstacles, is invoked at the beginning of almost any ceremony and a form of Yaanaimugathaan for this purpose is made by mixing turmeric with water and forming it into a cone-like shape.

Gaye holud (literally "yellow on the body") is a ceremony observed mostly in the region of Bengal (comprising Bangladesh and Indian West Bengal). The gaye holud takes place one or two days before the religious and legal Bengali wedding ceremonies. The turmeric paste is applied by friends to the bodies of the couple. This is said to soften the skin, but also colors them with the distinctive yellow hue that gives its name to this ceremony. It may be a joint event for the bride and groom's families, or it may consist of separate events for the bride's family and the groom's family.

During the Tamil festival Pongal, a whole turmeric plant with fresh rhizomes is offered as a thanksgiving offering to Suryan, the Sun god. Also, the fresh plant sometimes is tied around the sacred Pongal pot in which an offering of pongal is prepared.

Turmeric Flower in Maharashtra, India.

In Tamil nadu, as a part of the Tamil marriage ritual, dried turmeric tuber tied with string is used temporarily or permanently as opposed to the Mangalasutra of Hindus in India . The Tamil Marriage act recognizes this custom. Thali necklace is the equivalent of marriage rings in western cultures. In western and coastal India, during weddings of the Marathi and Konkani people, Kannada Brahmins turmeric tubers are tied with strings by the couple to their wrists during a ceremony called Kankanabandhana.^[36]

Friedrich Ratzel in The History of Mankind reported in 1896 that in Micronesia the preparation of turmeric powder for embellishment of body, clothing and utensils had a highly ceremonial character.^[37] He quotes an example of the roots being ground by four to six women in special public buildings and then allowed to stand in water. The following morning, three young coconuts and three old soma nuts are offered by a priestess with prayer, after which the dye which has settled down in the water is collected, baked into cakes in coconut molds, wrapped in banana leaves, and hung up in the huts till required for use.