(인문학) 우주조약(Outer Space Treaty)이란 무엇인가? (영문)

출처: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty

Outer Space Treaty

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Outer Space Treaty
French: Traité de l'espace
Russian: Договор о космосе
Spanish: Tratado sobre el espacio ultraterrestre
Chinese: 外层空间条约

Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies
Parties   Signatories   Non-parties
Signed	27 January 1967
Location	London, Moscow and Washington, D.C.
Effective	10 October 1967
Condition	5 ratifications, including the depositary Governments
Parties	104[1]
Depositary	Governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America
Languages	English, French, Russian, Spanish and Chinese
Outer Space Treaty of 1967 at Wikisource

The Outer Space Treaty, formally the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, is a treaty that forms the basis of international space law. The treaty was opened for signature in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union on 27 January 1967, and entered into force on 10 October 1967. As of September 2015, 104 countries are parties to the treaty, while another 24 have signed the treaty but have not completed ratification비준.^[1] In addition, the Republic of China (Taiwan), which is currently only recognized by 21 UN member states, ratified the treaty prior to the United Nations General Assembly's vote to transfer China's seat to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1971.^[2]

Contents

  [hide] 

• 1Key points
• 2Responsibility for activities in space
  • 2.1Follow-ups
• 3Status
  • 3.1List of parties
  • 3.2Partially recognized state abiding by treaty
  • 3.3States that have signed but not ratified
• 4See also
• 5References
• 6External links

Key points[edit]

The Outer Space Treaty represents the basic legal framework of international space law. Among its principles, it bars states party to the treaty from placing weapons of mass destruction in orbit of Earth, installing 설치하거나 them on the Moon or any other celestial body, or otherwise stationing 배치하거나 them in outer space. It exclusively limits the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes and expressly prohibits their use for testing weapons of any kind, conducting military maneuvers, or establishing military bases, installations, and fortifications (Art.IV). However, the Treaty does not prohibit the placement of conventional weapons in orbit. The treaty also states that the exploration of outer space shall be done to benefit all countries and shall be free for exploration and use by all the States.

The treaty explicitly forbids any government from claiming a celestial resource such as the Moon or a planet, claiming that they are the common heritage of mankind.^[3] Art. II of the Treaty states that "outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means". However, the State that launches a space object retains 보유간직하다 jurisdiction and control over that object.^[4] The State is also liable for damages caused by their space object.^[5]

Responsibility for activities in space[edit]

Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty deals with international responsibility, stating that "the activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty" and that States Parties shall bear international responsibility for national space activities whether carried out by governmental or non-governmental entities.

As a result of discussions arising from Project West Ford in 1963, a consultation clause was included in Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty: "A State Party to the Treaty which has reason to believe that an activity or experiment planned by another State Party in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, would cause potentially harmful interference with activities in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, may request consultation concerning the activity or experiment."^[6][7]

Follow-ups[edit]

• The Moon Treaty of 1979 was meant to be the follow-up to the Outer Space Treaty, but failed to be ratified by any major space-faring nation such as those capable oforbital spaceflight.^[8]

Status[edit]

List of parties[edit]

The Outer Space Treaty was opened for signature in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union on 27 January 1967, and entered into force on 10 October 1967. As of September 2015, 104 countries are parties to the treaty, while another 24 have signed the treaty but have not completed ratification.^[1]

Multiple dates indicate the different days in which states submitted their signature or deposition, which varied by location. This location is noted by: (L) for London, (M) for Moscow, and (W) for Washington.

State[1][9][10][11]	Signed	Deposited	Method
Afghanistan	Jan 27, 1967 (W) Jan 30, 1967 (M)	Mar 17, 1988 (L, M) Mar 21, 1988 (W)	Ratification
Algeria		Jan 27, 1992 (W)	Accession
Antigua and Barbuda		Nov 16, 1988 (W) Dec 26, 1988 (M) Jan 26, 1989 (L)	Succession from  United Kingdom
Argentina	Jan 27, 1967 (W) Apr 18, 1967 (M)	Mar 26, 1969 (M, W)	Ratification
Australia	Jan 27, 1967 (W)	Oct 10, 1967 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Austria	Feb 20, 1967 (L, M, W)	Feb 26, 1968 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Azerbaijan		Sep 9, 2015 (L)	Accession
Bahamas		Aug 11, 1976 (L) Aug 13, 1976 (W) Aug 30, 1976 (M)	Succession from  United Kingdom
Bangladesh		Jan 14, 1986 (L) Jan 17, 1986 (W) Jan 24, 1986 (M)	Accession
Barbados		Sep 12, 1968 (W)	Accession
Belarus	Feb 10, 1967 (M)	Oct 31, 1967 (M)	Ratification
Belgium	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M) Feb 2, 1967 (W)	Mar 30, 1973 (W) Mar 31, 1973 (L, M)	Ratification
Benin		Jun 19, 1986 (M) Jul 2, 1986 (L) Jul 7, 1986 (W)	Accession
Brazil	Jan 30, 1967 (M) Feb 2, 1967 (L, W)	Mar 5, 1969 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Bulgaria	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)	Mar 28, 1967 (M) Apr 11, 1967 (W) Apr 19, 1967 (L)	Ratification
Burkina Faso	Mar 3, 1967 (W)	Jun 18, 1968 (W)	Ratification
Canada	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)	Oct 10, 1967 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Chile	Jan 27, 1967 (W) Feb 3, 1967 (L) Feb 20, 1967 (M)	Oct 8, 1981 (W)	Ratification
China		Dec 30, 1983 (W) Jan 6, 1984 (M) Jan 12, 1984 (L)	Accession
Cuba		Jun 3, 1977 (M)	Accession
Cyprus	Jan 27, 1967 (W) Feb 15, 1967 (M) Feb 16, 1967 (L)	Jul 5, 1972 (L, W) Sep 20, 1972 (M)	Ratification
Czech Republic		Jan 1, 1993 (M, W) Sep 29, 1993 (L)	Succession from  Czechoslovakia
Denmark	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)	Oct 10, 1967 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Dominican Republic	Jan 27, 1967 (W)	Nov 21, 1968 (W)	Ratification
Ecuador	Jan 27, 1967 (W) May 16, 1967 (L) Jun 7, 1967 (M)	Mar 7, 1969 (W)	Ratification
Egypt	Jan 27, 1967 (M, W)	Oct 10, 1967 (W) Jan 23, 1968 (M)	Ratification
El Salvador	Jan 27, 1967 (W)	Jan 15, 1969 (W)	Ratification
Equatorial Guinea		Jan 16, 1989 (M)	Accession
Estonia		Apr 19, 2010 (M)	Accession
Fiji		Jul 18, 1972 (W) Aug 14, 1972 (L) Aug 29, 1972 (M)	Succession from  United Kingdom
Finland	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)	Jul 12, 1967 (L, M, W)	Ratification
France	Sep 25, 1967 (L, M, W)	Aug 5, 1970 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Germany	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)	Feb 10, 1971 (L, W)	Ratification
Greece	Jan 27, 1967 (W)	Jan 19, 1971 (L)	Ratification
Guinea-Bissau		Aug 20, 1976 (M)	Accession
Hungary	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)	Jun 26, 1967 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Iceland	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)	Feb 5, 1968 (L, M, W)	Ratification
India	Mar 3, 1967 (L, M, W)	Jan 18, 1982 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Indonesia	Jan 27, 1967 (W) Jan 30, 1967 (M) Feb 14, 1967 (L)	Jun 25, 2002 (L)	Ratification
Iraq	Feb 27, 1967 (L, W) Mar 9, 1967 (M)	Dec 4, 1968 (M) Sep 23, 1969 (L)	Ratification
Ireland	Jan 27, 1967 (L, W)	Jul 17, 1968 (W) Jul 19, 1968 (L)	Ratification
Israel	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)	Feb 18, 1977 (W) Mar 1, 1977 (L) Apr 4, 1977 (M)	Ratification
Italy	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)	May 4, 1972 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Jamaica	Jun 29, 1967 (L, M, W)	Aug 6, 1970 (W) Aug 10, 1970 (L) Aug 21, 1970 (M)	Ratification
Japan	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)	Oct 10, 1967 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Kazakhstan		Jun 11, 1998 (M)	Accession
Kenya		Jan 19, 1984 (L)	Accession
North Korea		Mar 5, 2009 (M)	Accession
South Korea	Jan 27, 1967 (W)	Oct 13, 1967 (W)	Ratification
Kuwait		Jun 7, 1972 (W) Jun 20, 1972 (L) Jul 4, 1972 (M)	Accession
Laos	Jan 27, 1967 (W) Jan 30, 1967 (L) Feb 2, 1967 (M)	Nov 27, 1972 (M) Nov 29, 1972 (W) Jan 15, 1973 (L)	Ratification
Lebanon	Feb 23, 1967 (L, M, W)	Mar 31, 1969 (L, M) Jun 30, 1969 (W)	Ratification
Libya		Jul 3, 1968 (W)	Accession
Lithuania		Mar 25, 2013 (W)	Accession
Luxembourg	Jan 27, 1967 (M, W) Jan 31, 1967 (L)	Jan 17, 2006 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Madagascar		Aug 22, 1968 (W)	Accession
Mali		Jun 11, 1968 (M)	Accession
Mauritius		Apr 7, 1969 (W) Apr 21, 1969 (L) May 13, 1969 (M)	Succession from  United Kingdom
Mexico	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)	Jan 31, 1968 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Mongolia	Jan 27, 1967 (M)	Oct 10, 1967 (M)	Ratification
Morocco		Dec 21, 1967 (L, M) Dec 22, 1967 (W)	Accession
Myanmar	May 22, 1967 (L, M, W)	Mar 18, 1970 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Nepal	Feb 3, 1967 (M, W) Feb 6, 1967 (L)	Oct 10, 1967 (L) Oct 16, 1967 (M) Nov 22, 1967 (W)	Ratification
Netherlands	Feb 10, 1967 (L, M, W)	Oct 10, 1969 (L, M, W)	Ratification
New Zealand	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)	May 31, 1968 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Niger	Feb 1, 1967 (W)	Apr 17, 1967 (L) May 3, 1967 (W)	Ratification
Nigeria		Nov 14, 1967 (L)	Accession
Norway	Feb 3, 1967 (L, M, W)	Jul 1, 1969 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Pakistan	Sep 12, 1967 (L, M, W)	Apr 8, 1968 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Papua New Guinea		Oct 27, 1980 (L) Nov 13, 1980 (M) Mar 16, 1981 (W)	Succession from  Australia
Peru	Jun 30, 1967 (W)	Feb 28, 1979 (M) Mar 1, 1979 (L) Mar 21, 1979 (W)	Ratification
Poland	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)	Jan 30, 1968 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Portugal		May 29, 1996 (L)	Accession
Qatar		Mar 13, 2012 (W)	Accession
Romania	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)	Apr 9, 1968 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Russia	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)	Oct 10, 1967 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines		May 13, 1999 (L)	Succession from  United Kingdom
San Marino	Apr 21, 1967 (W) Apr 24, 1967 (L) Jun 6, 1967 (M)	Oct 29, 1968 (W) Nov 21, 1968 (M) Feb 3, 1969 (L)	Ratification
Saudi Arabia		Dec 17, 1976 (W)	Accession
Seychelles		Jan 5, 1978 (L)	Accession
Sierra Leone	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M) May 16, 1967 (W)	Jul 13, 1967 (M) Jul 14, 1967 (W) Oct 25, 1967 (L)	Ratification
Singapore		Sep 10, 1976 (L, M, W)	Accession
Slovakia		Jan 1, 1993 (M, W) May 17, 1993 (L)	Succession from  Czechoslovakia
South Africa	Mar 1, 1967 (W)	Sep 30, 1968 (W) Oct 8, 1968 (L) Nov 14, 1968 (M)	Ratification
Spain		Nov 27, 1968 (L) Dec 7, 1968 (W)	Accession
Sri Lanka	Mar 10, 1967 (L)	Nov 18, 1986 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Sweden	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)	Oct 11, 1967 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Switzerland	Jan 27, 1967 (L, W) Jan 30, 1967 (M)	Dec 18, 1969 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Syria		Nov 19, 1968 (M)	Accession
Thailand	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)	Sep 5, 1968 (L) Sep 9, 1968 (M) Sep 10, 1968 (W)	Ratification
Togo	Jan 27, 1967 (W)	Jun 26, 1989 (W)	Ratification
Tonga		Jun 22, 1971 (M) Jul 7, 1971 (L, W)	Succession from  United Kingdom
Tunisia	Jan 27, 1967 (L, W) Feb 15, 1967 (M)	Mar 28, 1968 (L) Apr 4, 1968 (M) Apr 17, 1968 (W)	Ratification
Turkey	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)	Mar 27, 1968 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Uganda		Apr 24, 1968 (W)	Accession
Ukraine	Feb 10, 1967 (M)	Oct 31, 1967 (M)	Ratification
United Arab Emirates		Oct 4, 2000 (W)	Accession
United Kingdom	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)	Oct 10, 1967 (L, M, W)	Ratification
United States	Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)	Oct 10, 1967 (L, M, W)	Ratification
Uruguay	Jan 27, 1967 (W) Jan 30, 1967 (M)	Aug 31, 1970 (W)	Ratification
Venezuela	Jan 27, 1967 (W)	Mar 3, 1970 (W)	Ratification
Vietnam		Jun 20, 1980 (M)	Accession
Yemen		Jun 1, 1979 (M)	Accession
Zambia		Aug 20, 1973 (W) Aug 21, 1973 (M) Aug 28, 1973 (L)	Accession

Partially recognized state abiding by treaty[edit]

The Republic of China (Taiwan), which is currently only recognized by 21 UN member states, ratified the treaty prior to the United Nations General Assembly's vote to transfer China's seat to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1971. When the PRC subsequently ratified the treaty, they described the Republic of China's (ROC) ratification as "illegal". The ROC has committed itself to continue to adhere to the requirements of the treaty, and the United States has declared that they still consider them to be "bound by its obligations".^[2]

State	Signed	Deposited	Method
Republic of China	27 Jan 1967	24 Jul 1970	Ratification

States that have signed but not ratified[edit]

State	Signed
Bolivia	Jan 27, 1967 (W)
Botswana	Jan 27, 1967 (W)
Burundi	Jan 27, 1967 (W)
Cameroon	Jan 27, 1967 (W)
Central African Republic	Jan 27, 1967 (W)
Colombia	Jan 27, 1967 (W)
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Jan 27, 1967 (W) Apr 29, 1967 (M) May 4, 1967 (L)
Ethiopia	Jan 27, 1967 (L, W) Feb 10, 1967 (M)
Gambia	Jun 2, 1967 (L)
Ghana	Jan 27, 1967 (W) Feb 15, 1967 (M) Mar 3, 1967 (L)
Guyana	Feb 3, 1967 (W)
Haiti	Jan 27, 1967 (W)
Holy See	Apr 5, 1967 (L)
Honduras	Jan 27, 1967 (W)
Iran	Jan 27, 1967 (L)
Jordan	Feb 2, 1967 (W)
Lesotho	Jan 27, 1967 (W)
Malaysia	Feb 20, 1967 (W) Feb 21, 1967 (L) May 3, 1967 (M)
Nicaragua	Jan 27, 1967 (W) Feb 13, 1967 (L)
Panama	Jan 27, 1967 (W)
Philippines	Jan 27, 1967 (L, W) Apr 29, 1967 (M)
Rwanda	Jan 27, 1967 (W)
Somalia	Feb 2, 1967 (W)
Trinidad and Tobago	Jul 24, 1967 (L) Aug 17, 1967 (M) Sep 28, 1967 (W)

See also[edit]

• High-altitude nuclear explosion (HANE)
• Lunar Flag Assembly
• Militarization of space
• Apollo 1 - the first NASA astronaut spacecraft fatality (occurred on January 27, 1967, the day the Outer Space Treaty was signed)

References[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 2013-04-18.
2. ^ Jump up to:^a b "China: Accession to Outer Space Treaty". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 2015-03-01.
3. Jump up^ Jennifer Frakes, (2003) The Common Heritage of Mankind Principle and the Deep Seabed, Outer Space, and Antarctica: Will Developed and Developing Nations Reach a Compromise? Wiscoscin International Law Journal, 21, at 409
4. Jump up^ Wikisource:Outer Space Treaty of 1967#Article VIII
5. Jump up^ Wikisource:Outer Space Treaty of 1967#Article VII
6. Jump up^ Terrill Jr., Delbert R. (May 1999), Project West Ford, "The Air Force Role in Developing International Outer Space Law" (PDF), Air Force History and Museums:63–67
7. Jump up^ Wikisource:Outer Space Treaty of 1967#Article IX
8. Jump up^ Status of international agreements relating to activities in outer space as at 1 January 2008 United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, 2008
9. Jump up^ "TREATY on PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE ACTIVITIES OF STATES IN THE EXPLORATION AND USE OF OUTER SPACE, INCLUDING THE MOON AND OTHER CELESTIAL BODIES".Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-04. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
   "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies [London version]". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
10. Jump up^ "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies" (PDF). United States Department of State. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
11. Jump up^ "Договор о принципах деятельности государств по исследованию и использованию космического пространства, включая Луну и другие небесные тела" (in Russian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2015-08-28.

External links[edit]

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Outer Space Treaty of 1967

• International Institute of Space Law
• Full text of the "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies" in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, or Spanish
• Status of International Agreements relating to Activities in Outer Space (list of state parties to treaty), UN Office for Outer Space Affairs
• The Case for Withdrawing From The 1967 Outer Space Treaty
• Still Relevant (and Important) After All These Years: The case for supporting the Outer Space Treaty
• Squadron Leader KK Nair's "Space:The Frontiers of Modern Defence" Knowledge World Publishers, New Delhi, Chap-5 (Examining Space Law...), Pg 84–104, available at [1]
• Introductory note by Vladimír Kopal, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
• Lecture by Vladimír Kopal entitled The Progressive Development of International Space Law by the United Nations in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
• Lecture by Vladlen Stepanovich Vereshchetin entitled The Law of Outer Space in the General Legal Field (Commonalities and Particularities) in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law

Authority control WorldCat VIAF: 182928490 LCCN: no2005067929 GND: 4207363-7 NDL: 00574090

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