사람되기/인문학

(인문학) 우주조약(Outer Space Treaty)이란 무엇인가? (영문)

밝은하늘孤舟獨釣 2016. 2. 23. 15:49

출처: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty


Outer Space Treaty

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Outer Space Treaty
French: Traité de l'espace
Russian: Договор о космосе
Spanish: Tratado sobre el espacio ultraterrestre
Chinese: 外层空间条约
Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies
{{{image_alt}}}
  Parties
  Signatories
  Non-parties
Signed27 January 1967
LocationLondon, Moscow and Washington, D.C.
Effective10 October 1967
Condition5 ratifications, including the depositary Governments
Parties104[1]
DepositaryGovernments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America
LanguagesEnglish, French, Russian, Spanish and Chinese
 Outer Space Treaty of 1967 at Wikisource

The Outer Space Treaty, formally the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, is a treaty that forms the basis of international space law. The treaty was opened for signature in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union on 27 January 1967, and entered into force on 10 October 1967. As of September 2015, 104 countries are parties to the treaty, while another 24 have signed the treaty but have not completed ratification비준.[1] In addition, the Republic of China (Taiwan), which is currently only recognized by 21 UN member states, ratified the treaty prior to the United Nations General Assembly's vote to transfer China's seat to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1971.[2]

Key points[edit]

The Outer Space Treaty represents the basic legal framework of international space law. Among its principles, it bars states party to the treaty from placing weapons of mass destruction in orbit of Earth, installing 설치하거나 them on the Moon or any other celestial body, or otherwise stationing 배치하거나 them in outer space. It exclusively limits the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes and expressly prohibits their use for testing weapons of any kind, conducting military maneuvers, or establishing military bases, installations, and fortifications (Art.IV). However, the Treaty does not prohibit the placement of conventional weapons in orbit. The treaty also states that the exploration of outer space shall be done to benefit all countries and shall be free for exploration and use by all the States.

The treaty explicitly forbids any government from claiming a celestial resource such as the Moon or a planet, claiming that they are the common heritage of mankind.[3] Art. II of the Treaty states that "outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means". However, the State that launches a space object retains 보유간직하다 jurisdiction and control over that object.[4] The State is also liable for damages caused by their space object.[5]

Responsibility for activities in space[edit]

Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty deals with international responsibility, stating that "the activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty" and that States Parties shall bear international responsibility for national space activities whether carried out by governmental or non-governmental entities.

As a result of discussions arising from Project West Ford in 1963, a consultation clause was included in Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty: "A State Party to the Treaty which has reason to believe that an activity or experiment planned by another State Party in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, would cause potentially harmful interference with activities in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, may request consultation concerning the activity or experiment."[6][7]

Follow-ups[edit]

Status[edit]

List of parties[edit]

The Outer Space Treaty was opened for signature in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union on 27 January 1967, and entered into force on 10 October 1967. As of September 2015, 104 countries are parties to the treaty, while another 24 have signed the treaty but have not completed ratification.[1]

Multiple dates indicate the different days in which states submitted their signature or deposition, which varied by location. This location is noted by: (L) for London, (M) for Moscow, and (W) for Washington.

State[1][9][10][11]SignedDepositedMethod
 AfghanistanJan 27, 1967 (W)
Jan 30, 1967 (M)		Mar 17, 1988 (L, M)
Mar 21, 1988 (W)		Ratification
 AlgeriaJan 27, 1992 (W)Accession
 Antigua and BarbudaNov 16, 1988 (W)
Dec 26, 1988 (M)
Jan 26, 1989 (L)		Succession from  United Kingdom
 ArgentinaJan 27, 1967 (W)
Apr 18, 1967 (M)		Mar 26, 1969 (M, W)Ratification
 AustraliaJan 27, 1967 (W)Oct 10, 1967 (L, M, W)Ratification
 AustriaFeb 20, 1967 (L, M, W)Feb 26, 1968 (L, M, W)Ratification
 AzerbaijanSep 9, 2015 (L)Accession
 BahamasAug 11, 1976 (L)
Aug 13, 1976 (W)
Aug 30, 1976 (M)		Succession from  United Kingdom
 BangladeshJan 14, 1986 (L)
Jan 17, 1986 (W)
Jan 24, 1986 (M)		Accession
 BarbadosSep 12, 1968 (W)Accession
 BelarusFeb 10, 1967 (M)Oct 31, 1967 (M)Ratification
 BelgiumJan 27, 1967 (L, M)
Feb 2, 1967 (W)		Mar 30, 1973 (W)
Mar 31, 1973 (L, M)		Ratification
 BeninJun 19, 1986 (M)
Jul 2, 1986 (L)
Jul 7, 1986 (W)		Accession
 BrazilJan 30, 1967 (M)
Feb 2, 1967 (L, W)		Mar 5, 1969 (L, M, W)Ratification
 BulgariaJan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)Mar 28, 1967 (M)
Apr 11, 1967 (W)
Apr 19, 1967 (L)		Ratification
 Burkina FasoMar 3, 1967 (W)Jun 18, 1968 (W)Ratification
 CanadaJan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)Oct 10, 1967 (L, M, W)Ratification
 ChileJan 27, 1967 (W)
Feb 3, 1967 (L)
Feb 20, 1967 (M)		Oct 8, 1981 (W)Ratification
 ChinaDec 30, 1983 (W)
Jan 6, 1984 (M)
Jan 12, 1984 (L)		Accession
 CubaJun 3, 1977 (M)Accession
 CyprusJan 27, 1967 (W)
Feb 15, 1967 (M)
Feb 16, 1967 (L)		Jul 5, 1972 (L, W)
Sep 20, 1972 (M)		Ratification
 Czech RepublicJan 1, 1993 (M, W)
Sep 29, 1993 (L)		Succession from  Czechoslovakia
 DenmarkJan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)Oct 10, 1967 (L, M, W)Ratification
 Dominican RepublicJan 27, 1967 (W)Nov 21, 1968 (W)Ratification
 EcuadorJan 27, 1967 (W)
May 16, 1967 (L)
Jun 7, 1967 (M)		Mar 7, 1969 (W)Ratification
 EgyptJan 27, 1967 (M, W)Oct 10, 1967 (W)
Jan 23, 1968 (M)		Ratification
 El SalvadorJan 27, 1967 (W)Jan 15, 1969 (W)Ratification
 Equatorial GuineaJan 16, 1989 (M)Accession
 EstoniaApr 19, 2010 (M)Accession
 FijiJul 18, 1972 (W)
Aug 14, 1972 (L)
Aug 29, 1972 (M)		Succession from  United Kingdom
 FinlandJan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)Jul 12, 1967 (L, M, W)Ratification
 FranceSep 25, 1967 (L, M, W)Aug 5, 1970 (L, M, W)Ratification
 GermanyJan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)Feb 10, 1971 (L, W)Ratification
 GreeceJan 27, 1967 (W)Jan 19, 1971 (L)Ratification
 Guinea-BissauAug 20, 1976 (M)Accession
 HungaryJan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)Jun 26, 1967 (L, M, W)Ratification
 IcelandJan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)Feb 5, 1968 (L, M, W)Ratification
 IndiaMar 3, 1967 (L, M, W)Jan 18, 1982 (L, M, W)Ratification
 IndonesiaJan 27, 1967 (W)
Jan 30, 1967 (M)
Feb 14, 1967 (L)		Jun 25, 2002 (L)Ratification
 IraqFeb 27, 1967 (L, W)
Mar 9, 1967 (M)		Dec 4, 1968 (M)
Sep 23, 1969 (L)		Ratification
 IrelandJan 27, 1967 (L, W)Jul 17, 1968 (W)
Jul 19, 1968 (L)		Ratification
 IsraelJan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)Feb 18, 1977 (W)
Mar 1, 1977 (L)
Apr 4, 1977 (M)		Ratification
 ItalyJan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)May 4, 1972 (L, M, W)Ratification
 JamaicaJun 29, 1967 (L, M, W)Aug 6, 1970 (W)
Aug 10, 1970 (L)
Aug 21, 1970 (M)		Ratification
 JapanJan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)Oct 10, 1967 (L, M, W)Ratification
 KazakhstanJun 11, 1998 (M)Accession
 KenyaJan 19, 1984 (L)Accession
 North KoreaMar 5, 2009 (M)Accession
 South KoreaJan 27, 1967 (W)Oct 13, 1967 (W)Ratification
 KuwaitJun 7, 1972 (W)
Jun 20, 1972 (L)
Jul 4, 1972 (M)		Accession
 LaosJan 27, 1967 (W)
Jan 30, 1967 (L)
Feb 2, 1967 (M)		Nov 27, 1972 (M)
Nov 29, 1972 (W)
Jan 15, 1973 (L)		Ratification
 LebanonFeb 23, 1967 (L, M, W)Mar 31, 1969 (L, M)
Jun 30, 1969 (W)		Ratification
 LibyaJul 3, 1968 (W)Accession
 LithuaniaMar 25, 2013 (W)Accession
 LuxembourgJan 27, 1967 (M, W)
Jan 31, 1967 (L)		Jan 17, 2006 (L, M, W)Ratification
 MadagascarAug 22, 1968 (W)Accession
 MaliJun 11, 1968 (M)Accession
 MauritiusApr 7, 1969 (W)
Apr 21, 1969 (L)
May 13, 1969 (M)		Succession from  United Kingdom
 MexicoJan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)Jan 31, 1968 (L, M, W)Ratification
 MongoliaJan 27, 1967 (M)Oct 10, 1967 (M)Ratification
 MoroccoDec 21, 1967 (L, M)
Dec 22, 1967 (W)		Accession
 MyanmarMay 22, 1967 (L, M, W)Mar 18, 1970 (L, M, W)Ratification
   NepalFeb 3, 1967 (M, W)
Feb 6, 1967 (L)		Oct 10, 1967 (L)
Oct 16, 1967 (M)
Nov 22, 1967 (W)		Ratification
 NetherlandsFeb 10, 1967 (L, M, W)Oct 10, 1969 (L, M, W)Ratification
 New ZealandJan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)May 31, 1968 (L, M, W)Ratification
 NigerFeb 1, 1967 (W)Apr 17, 1967 (L)
May 3, 1967 (W)		Ratification
 NigeriaNov 14, 1967 (L)Accession
 NorwayFeb 3, 1967 (L, M, W)Jul 1, 1969 (L, M, W)Ratification
 PakistanSep 12, 1967 (L, M, W)Apr 8, 1968 (L, M, W)Ratification
 Papua New GuineaOct 27, 1980 (L)
Nov 13, 1980 (M)
Mar 16, 1981 (W)		Succession from  Australia
 PeruJun 30, 1967 (W)Feb 28, 1979 (M)
Mar 1, 1979 (L)
Mar 21, 1979 (W)		Ratification
 PolandJan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)Jan 30, 1968 (L, M, W)Ratification
 PortugalMay 29, 1996 (L)Accession
 QatarMar 13, 2012 (W)Accession
 RomaniaJan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)Apr 9, 1968 (L, M, W)Ratification
 RussiaJan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)Oct 10, 1967 (L, M, W)Ratification
 Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesMay 13, 1999 (L)Succession from  United Kingdom
 San MarinoApr 21, 1967 (W)
Apr 24, 1967 (L)
Jun 6, 1967 (M)		Oct 29, 1968 (W)
Nov 21, 1968 (M)
Feb 3, 1969 (L)		Ratification
 Saudi ArabiaDec 17, 1976 (W)Accession
 SeychellesJan 5, 1978 (L)Accession
 Sierra LeoneJan 27, 1967 (L, M)
May 16, 1967 (W)		Jul 13, 1967 (M)
Jul 14, 1967 (W)
Oct 25, 1967 (L)		Ratification
 SingaporeSep 10, 1976 (L, M, W)Accession
 SlovakiaJan 1, 1993 (M, W)
May 17, 1993 (L)		Succession from  Czechoslovakia
 South AfricaMar 1, 1967 (W)Sep 30, 1968 (W)
Oct 8, 1968 (L)
Nov 14, 1968 (M)		Ratification
 SpainNov 27, 1968 (L)
Dec 7, 1968 (W)		Accession
 Sri LankaMar 10, 1967 (L)Nov 18, 1986 (L, M, W)Ratification
 SwedenJan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)Oct 11, 1967 (L, M, W)Ratification
  SwitzerlandJan 27, 1967 (L, W)
Jan 30, 1967 (M)		Dec 18, 1969 (L, M, W)Ratification
 SyriaNov 19, 1968 (M)Accession
 ThailandJan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)Sep 5, 1968 (L)
Sep 9, 1968 (M)
Sep 10, 1968 (W)		Ratification
 TogoJan 27, 1967 (W)Jun 26, 1989 (W)Ratification
 TongaJun 22, 1971 (M)
Jul 7, 1971 (L, W)		Succession from  United Kingdom
 TunisiaJan 27, 1967 (L, W)
Feb 15, 1967 (M)		Mar 28, 1968 (L)
Apr 4, 1968 (M)
Apr 17, 1968 (W)		Ratification
 TurkeyJan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)Mar 27, 1968 (L, M, W)Ratification
 UgandaApr 24, 1968 (W)Accession
 UkraineFeb 10, 1967 (M)Oct 31, 1967 (M)Ratification
 United Arab EmiratesOct 4, 2000 (W)Accession
 United KingdomJan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)Oct 10, 1967 (L, M, W)Ratification
 United StatesJan 27, 1967 (L, M, W)Oct 10, 1967 (L, M, W)Ratification
 UruguayJan 27, 1967 (W)
Jan 30, 1967 (M)		Aug 31, 1970 (W)Ratification
 VenezuelaJan 27, 1967 (W)Mar 3, 1970 (W)Ratification
 VietnamJun 20, 1980 (M)Accession
 YemenJun 1, 1979 (M)Accession
 ZambiaAug 20, 1973 (W)
Aug 21, 1973 (M)
Aug 28, 1973 (L)		Accession

Partially recognized state abiding by treaty[edit]

The Republic of China (Taiwan), which is currently only recognized by 21 UN member states, ratified the treaty prior to the United Nations General Assembly's vote to transfer China's seat to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1971. When the PRC subsequently ratified the treaty, they described the Republic of China's (ROC) ratification as "illegal". The ROC has committed itself to continue to adhere to the requirements of the treaty, and the United States has declared that they still consider them to be "bound by its obligations".[2]

StateSignedDepositedMethod
 Republic of China27 Jan 196724 Jul 1970Ratification

States that have signed but not ratified[edit]

StateSigned
 BoliviaJan 27, 1967 (W)
 BotswanaJan 27, 1967 (W)
 BurundiJan 27, 1967 (W)
 CameroonJan 27, 1967 (W)
 Central African RepublicJan 27, 1967 (W)
 ColombiaJan 27, 1967 (W)
 Democratic Republic of the CongoJan 27, 1967 (W)
Apr 29, 1967 (M)
May 4, 1967 (L)
 EthiopiaJan 27, 1967 (L, W)
Feb 10, 1967 (M)
 GambiaJun 2, 1967 (L)
 GhanaJan 27, 1967 (W)
Feb 15, 1967 (M)
Mar 3, 1967 (L)
 GuyanaFeb 3, 1967 (W)
 HaitiJan 27, 1967 (W)
 Holy SeeApr 5, 1967 (L)
 HondurasJan 27, 1967 (W)
 IranJan 27, 1967 (L)
 JordanFeb 2, 1967 (W)
 LesothoJan 27, 1967 (W)
 MalaysiaFeb 20, 1967 (W)
Feb 21, 1967 (L)
May 3, 1967 (M)
 NicaraguaJan 27, 1967 (W)
Feb 13, 1967 (L)
 PanamaJan 27, 1967 (W)
 PhilippinesJan 27, 1967 (L, W)
Apr 29, 1967 (M)
 RwandaJan 27, 1967 (W)
 SomaliaFeb 2, 1967 (W)
 Trinidad and TobagoJul 24, 1967 (L)
Aug 17, 1967 (M)
Sep 28, 1967 (W)

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 2013-04-18.
  2. ^ Jump up to:a b "China: Accession to Outer Space Treaty". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 2015-03-01.
  3. Jump up^ Jennifer Frakes, (2003) The Common Heritage of Mankind Principle and the Deep Seabed, Outer Space, and Antarctica: Will Developed and Developing Nations Reach a Compromise? Wiscoscin International Law Journal, 21, at 409
  4. Jump up^ Wikisource:Outer Space Treaty of 1967#Article VIII
  5. Jump up^ Wikisource:Outer Space Treaty of 1967#Article VII
  6. Jump up^ Terrill Jr., Delbert R. (May 1999), Project West Ford, "The Air Force Role in Developing International Outer Space Law" (PDF), Air Force History and Museums:63–67
  7. Jump up^ Wikisource:Outer Space Treaty of 1967#Article IX
  8. Jump up^ Status of international agreements relating to activities in outer space as at 1 January 2008 United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, 2008
  9. Jump up^ "TREATY on PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE ACTIVITIES OF STATES IN THE EXPLORATION AND USE OF OUTER SPACE, INCLUDING THE MOON AND OTHER CELESTIAL BODIES".Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-04. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
    "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies [London version]". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  10. Jump up^ "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies" (PDF). United States Department of State. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  11. Jump up^ "Договор о принципах деятельности государств по исследованию и использованию космического пространства, включая Луну и другие небесные тела" (in Russian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2015-08-28.

External links[edit]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Authority control




'사람되기 > 인문학' 카테고리의 다른 글

(인문학) Zhang Xueliang (张学良/장학량)  (0) 2016.03.21
(인문학) Xu Zhongxun (习仲勋/습중훈)  (0) 2016.03.21
(인문학/동영상) 지구상 어떤 국가나 개인이 달을 소유할 수 없는 이유 (영문)  (0) 2016.02.23
(인문학) <To Kill a Mockingbird 앵무새 죽이기>의 작가 Harper Lee 89세로 작고   (0) 2016.02.20
(인문학) 이태리 작가 움베르토 에코 84세로 작고  (0) 2016.02.20

'사람되기/인문학'의 다른글

  • 현재글(인문학) 우주조약(Outer Space Treaty)이란 무엇인가? (영문)

관련글

티스토리툴바