(유럽/잉글런드) 어떻게 영국 힐스버러 참사의 전말이 밝혀졌는가?

출처: http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-19545126

How the Hillsborough disaster unfolded

• 26 April 2016
 
• From the sectionEngland

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Media captionHow the crush at the FA Cup semi-final developed, leading to the deaths of 96 football fans

After two years of inquest evidence, a detailed picture has built up of how an FA Cup match at Sheffield Wednesday's Hillsborough ground turned into a disaster that claimed 96 lives and left hundreds more injured. (inquest: 사인규명, 실패원인규명)

The semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest took place on Saturday 15 April, 1989.

The match was sold out, meaning more than 53,000 fans from the two sides would head for Hillsborough for the 15.00 kick-off. 오후3시애 시작되는 양 팀의 준결승전을 관람하기 위해 적어도 양팀을 응원하는 53,000명의 관중들이 운집했다는 뜻. 문제점: 많은 군중들의 운집.

Despite being a far larger club, Liverpool supporters were allocated the smaller end of the stadium, Leppings Lane, so that their route would not bring them into contact with Forest fans arriving from the south. 문제점: 리버풀이 상대팀보다 많은 팬들을 갖고 있음에도 오히려 적은 공간을 배정받은 점.

Football crowds at the time had a reputation for hooliganism and strict segregation was enforced.

Fans began arriving at Leppings Lane at about midday. The entrance had a limited number of turnstiles, of which just seven were allocated to the 10,100 fans with tickets for the standing terraces. (turnstiles: 회전문들) 문제점: 스타디움 정문에 적은 수의 회전문(최대 7명이 통과 가능)이 설치되어 있었음.

Once through the turnstiles, supporters would have seen a wide tunnel leading down to the terrace and signposted "Standing".

Image copyrightHillsborough Inquests

Image captionThe tunnel leading to pens 3 and 4 was directly opposite the turnstiles

As was common practice in grounds at the time, the terrace was divided into "pens" by high fences that corralled fans into blocks and separated them from the pitch. (pitch: 축구 크리켓 럭비 종목의 경기장)

Image copyrightHillsborough Inquests

Image captionThe terrace was surrounded by high perimeter fences

The tunnel led directly into the two pens behind the goal, pens 3 and 4. Access to other pens was poorly-marked - a sign for refreshments was bigger than one showing the way to pens 1 and 2, the inquests heard. (pen: 축사, 축사처럼 만들어진 관중석 내 공간으로 보임)

There was no system on the day to ensure fans were evenly distributed across the pens and no way of counting how many were in each pen. 문제점: 시스템의 부재. 관중들을 골고루 분산시켜서 숫자파악이 되게끔 하는 시스템.

The match commander was Ch Supt David Duckenfield. He was new in his post and had limited experience of policing football matches. (match commander: 게임의 안전을 책임진 경찰병력의 책임자로 보임) 문제점: 안전 책임자가 경험이 없는 사람이었다는 사실.

Police expected supporters to "find their own level" by spreading out across the pens in search of space, but this was difficult to do as movement between the pens was by narrow gates at the rear. 문제점: 경찰의 오산.

Crowd congestion outside

By 14.15 a crowd had started to build outside the Leppings Lane turnstiles and it swelled rapidly over the next quarter of an hour.

Progress through the seven turnstiles was slow and by 14.30 just 4,383 people had entered, meaning 5,700 ticketed fans were set to enter the ground in the half hour before kick-off.

Image caption14.15-14.40: Several thousand Liverpool supporters are gathered outside the ground at the Leppings Lane end. As there are only seven turnstiles, admission to the ground is slow

The inquests were told Mr Duckenfield and Supt Bernard Murray discussed delaying the kick off to allow fans to enter but decided against it.

By 14.45 CCTV footage showed there were thousands of people pressing into the turnstiles and alongside a large exit gate, called Gate C.

The funnel-shaped nature of the area meant that the congestion was hard to escape for those at the front. The turnstiles became difficult to operate and people were starting to be crushed. (congestion: 혼잡)

Gate C is opened

The police officer in charge of the area, Supt Roger Marshall, told the inquests he thought somebody was "going to get killed here" unless the exit gates were opened to alleviate the pressure.

He made several requests and at 14.52, Mr Duckenfield gave the order and the gates were opened.

About 2,000 fans then made their way into the ground. Most of those entering through Gate C headed straight for the tunnel leading directly to pens 3 and 4.

This influx caused severe crushing in the pens. Fans began climbing over side fences into the relatively less packed adjoining pens to escape.

Image caption14:52: Police order Gate C - a large exit gate - to be opened to alleviate the crush outside the ground. About 2,000 supporters enter the ground and make for a tunnel leading directly to pens 3 and 4.

The pens' official combined capacity was 2,200. It was later discovered this had not been updated since 1979, despite modifications made to the ground in the intervening decade.

At 14.59, the game kicked off. Fans in the two central pens were pressed up against the fences and crush barriers. one barrier in pen 3 gave way, causing people to fall on top of each other.

Those who survived told of seeing people lose consciousness in front of their eyes.

Supporters continued to climb perimeter fences to escape, while others were dragged to safety by fans in the upper tiers.

At 15.06 Supt Roger Greenwood ran on to the pitch and told the referee to stop the game.

In the chaotic aftermath, supporters tore up advertising hoardings to use as makeshift stretchers and tried to administer first aid to the injured.

The authorities' response to the disaster was slow and badly co-ordinated. 문제점: 늦은 대응과 협력의 부재.

Police delayed declaring a major incident and staff from South Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service at the ground also failed to recognise and call a major incident. The jury decided this led to delays in the responses to the emergency.

Firefighters with cutting gear had difficulty getting into the ground, and although dozens of ambulances were dispatched, access to the pitch was delayed because police were reporting "crowd trouble".

Only two ambulances reached the Leppings Lane end of the pitch and of the 96 people who died, only 14 were ever admitted to hospital.

For the jury in the inquests, police errors in planning, defects at the stadium and delays in the emergency response all contributed to the disaster. The behaviour of fans was not to blame.

Match commander Ch Supt David Duckenfield had a duty of care to fans in the stadium that day, the jurors decided.

They found he was in breach of that duty of care, that this amounted to gross negligence and that the 96 victims were unlawfully killed.

The jury also concluded:

• Police errors caused a dangerous situation at the turnstiles 
• Failures by commanding officers caused a crush on the terraces
• There were mistakes in the police control box over the order to open the Leppings Lane end exit gates
• Defects at the stadium contributed the disaster
• There was an error in the safety certification of the Hillsborough stadium
• Police delayed declaring a major incident 
• The emergency response including the ambulance service was also delayed 

** 기사에 대한 소감 **

1. 영국은 1989년 4월15일 벌어진 축구경기장 사고에 대한 조사를 2년간 실시하여 사고의 원인을 마침내 밝혀냈다. 경기장측의 잘못도 있어 보이고, 행사안전을 담당했던 총책임자의 경험미숙과 경찰측의 미숙한 대처도 드러났다.

2. 한국은 2014년4월 16일 304명이 죽은 세월호 사고가 있었다. 대참사에 대한 철저한 원인규명이 있어야 할 것이다. 이 점이 바로 한국의 국격을 높이는 것이다. 수출을 많이 하고 월소득이 증가하는 게 국격을 높이는 게 아니다. 생명을 존중하고 책임을 물을 수 있고 책임을 질 줄 아는 사회가 되는 것이 바로 국민이 행복한 사회요, 이런 사회가 국가의 격을 높이는 바로메터이다. 제발 착각좀 하지 말자.